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Using Your CRT With MiSTer

There are a few different ways you can use your MiSTer with a classic CRT display. The two main methods are either using the VGA port on the Analog IO board or using a specific Direct Video HDMI to VGA adapter.

The vast majority of this content is from the guide written by MikeS11 and ArchiveRL on the MiSTer FPGA GitHub Wiki

MiSTer CRT Connectivity Options

Boards / Converters

You can connect MiSTer natively to a CRT set using two methods: either by installing the analogue I/O board and using its VGA output or by connecting an HDMI-to-VGA DAC dongle directly to DE10 Nano's HDMI socket. Both of these methods produce nearly identical image which in most cases should match the output of the original hardware 1:1. Apart from that, they also have their specific pros & cons:

  • Analog I/O board
  • Pros: extra features (buttons, led lights, etc), doesn't need SoG mod to connect to component
  • Cons: more expensive, lesser colour depth in some cores, can't use Dual SDRAM
  • Direct Video
  • Pros: better colour depth, much cheaper
  • Cons: no extra features, needs extra modification for component, not all the dongles are guaranteed to work

Once you have acquired either an I/O board or a Direct video adapter, you will need to connect it to your TV via a cable and also change some settings in the mister.ini file.

Cables

  • for consumer TVs (15kHz) with RGB SCART (via both I/O board & Direct Video) - Apart from I/O board or Direct Video dongle you'll also need a special cable. You can either make one or buy it online. It's recommended to get a cable with a 470 ohm resistor on the Composite Sync line (best ask the seller if it already has one)

  • Here are some possible sources: Misteraddons (US), Retro Access (UK), Ultimatemister (PT), Wolfsoft (DE), Antoniovillena (ES).

  • You can also get a MiST cable, it works in general but might be lacking the 470 Ohm resistor and is generally "not guaranteed": Lotharek (PL), Amigastore (EU).

  • Another option is to use a VGA-SCART converter, plus normal SCART/VGA cables. Possible sources: Antoniovillena (SP), Arcadeforge (DE), Retro Upgrades (UK).

  • If you are connecting to a consumer Trinitron you might also need to add an extra resistor/potentiometer to fix odd or not lively enough colours forum link.

  • consumer TVs (15kHz) with YPbPr component (via I/O board) - A standard VGA to Component cable should be enough.

  • consumer TVs (15kHz) with YPbPr component (via Direct Video) - This will require cable modifications to add Sync on Green (SoG). Please read more here --> Direct Video - Setup for YPbPr Signals or see what others have to say in the forum here --> Direct Video HDMI to Component CRT 480i TV by thorr.

  • VGA monitors (31Khz) - A standard VGA cable should be enough.

  • PVM/BVM monitors (via I/O board) - A standard VGA to BNC cable (3xRGB + HSync) cable should be ok.

  • PVM/BVM monitors (via Direct Video) - A standard VGA to BNC cable (3xRGB + HSync) cable should be ok.

  • Commodore monitors - A cable for the 1084S monitor is sold by Ultimatemister (PT).

Settings

Most of the settings changes are done in your MiSTer.ini file, which is located in the media/fat/ directory of your SD card. When editing this file, it is advised to backup your currently working MiSTer.ini file and then use a new MiSTer.ini from the official repository by Right Clicking this link and clicking "save file as". All of the MiSTer.ini settings in this section assume you are using this default file.

For I/O BOARD**

  • consumer TVs (15kHz) with RGB SCART
    composite_sync=1

  • consumer TVs (15kHz) with Component
    vga_mode=ypbpr
    You might need to flip the SoG switch on the I/O board

  • VGA monitors (31khz)
    forced_scandoubler=1

For DIRECT VIDEO**

  • consumer TVs (15kHz) with RGB SCART
    direct_video=1
    composite_sync=1

  • consumer TVs (15kHz) with Component
    direct_video=1
    composite_sync=1
    vga_mode=ypbpr

  • VGA monitors (31khz)
    direct_video=1
    forced_scandoubler=1

  • for PVM/BVM monitors
    direct_video=1
    composite_sync=1

Connecting to Composite or S-Video

Official MiSTer - YC (S-Video / Composite)

MiSTerFPGA now natively outputs s-video / composite directly from the core. The cores generate two signals that use the existing RGB pins, where the luma (Brightness) uses the green output and the chroma (Color) uses the red output.

Connection Requirements - S-Video

MiSTerAddons - Active Y/C Adapter and Ultimatemister - Passive Adapter. * The Active Adapters are recommended for the best quality for both composite and S-Video but the passive adapter can be a good alternative. * VGA to Component Cable (Only required for some monitors, i.e Commodore 1702) * Custom RCA to S-Video Connector

Connection Requirements - Composite

MiSTerAddons - Active Y/C Adapter and Ultimatemister - Passive Adapter. * The Active Adapters are recommended for the best quality for both composite and S-Video but the passive adapter can be a good alternative. * VGA to Component Cable to a 1-Male to 2-Female RCA Y-Adapter Splitter Cable. Warning: This method will produce severe rainbowing because of the lack of a luma trap.

Using the Analog IO Board

Configuration Requirements

  • Sync on Green - OFF (If using an Active or Passive Adapter, they will generate the sync)

INI Settings

vga_scaler=0
Composite sync = 1
vga_mode=svideo Note: cvbs can also be used but is not recommended
ntsc_mode=0 Note: 0 - normal NTSC, 1 - PAL-60, 2 - PAL-M, Note: this is currently not being used by any cores

Using a Direct Video adapter

Configuration Requirements

INI Settings

Direct_video = 1
Composite sync = 1
vga_mode=svideo Note: cvbs can also be used but is not recommended
ntsc_mode=0 Note: 0 - normal NTSC, 1 - PAL-60, 2 - PAL-M, Note: this is currently not being used by any cores

Alternative Methods of converting RGB to Composite or S-Video

Alternative methods of obtaining Composite or S-Video on a capable CRT TV set is by using a special adapter. At the moment these are available for sale from Antoniovillena and Ultimatemister (PT).

There's also an open-source design which you can DIY: Github / forum link.

These adapters have been reported to work well in S-Video mode, but Composite has problems with rainbow artifacting and excessive dot crawl. This is currently unavoidable and expected

Another alternative is the Axunworks converter. It requires using a VGA-to-BNC cable with BNC-to-RCA adapters and most likely also suffers from artifacting in Composite (forum thread). Some other options reported to work well are converters from seller "wakabavideo" and "Keene Scart to S-Video" brand on ebay.

Types of CRT Displays

There are three main categories of CRTs; Consumer Televisions, Computer Monitors, and Professional Video Monitors. Some of these overlap with compatibility, but often the signals intended for one type of CRT are not ideal on another type of display. There are also different subcategories of each of these that are not very important to go into here. Generally speaking, using a CRT with the MiSTer is not a one-size-fits-all experience.

Consumer Televisions

Typically these are only compatible with a 15kHz frequency signal (the kind of signal video game consoles used). They were intended to be used with what is known as a "240p" analog signal. From the 1950's up until the late 1980's most consumer televisions only used RF video which is highly susceptible to interference, especially today. Later they began to use composite video (which is still very noisy, but less prone to interference than RF video). Some TV's would occasionally have support for S-Video (a much sharper and nicer image quality and resistant to interference), but it is less common. In many European countries these TVs also supported RGB video by way of SCART connectors (which is about as good as it gets). Finally, near the end of the life of CRT televisions in the late 90's and early 2000's they began to use Component video and even HDMI video.

Most CRT televisions that you can buy used today (in the United States) are going to use composite video or component video. In europe it is more common, but still not a guarantee, to find CRT televisions with RGB SCART support used for sale.

Computer Monitors

Usually computer monitors were designed for higher resolution 31kHz frequency signals. They often had support only for a VGA connector, with some very few having some other options like DVI connectors. Since these displays were made for higher resolutions there can be some jitter or undesirable effects when attempting to run a lower resolution 240p signal through them, even if it is scandoubled to 31kHz. Computer Monitors are excellent at handling retro computer video signals as that is what they were designed for. There are also Multisync Monitors which are capable of natively handling 15kHz (240p) analog signals. These are less common but are highly sought after by the CRT enthusiast community, so if you are interested in having one monitor to handle all types of signals, consider acquiring a Multisync monitor.

Professional Video Monitors

Professional Video Monitors (PVMs) also go by many other names; Broadcast reference monitor, Broadcast video monitor (BVM), Medical Grade Monitor, and more. Simply put, these are displays designed for professional use that often are easy to do maintenance on, have high quality components, and were very costly for their time. Professional video monitors are still made today, but they are often OLED or LCD that are very expensive and only used in niche applications for businesses. These had a wide variety of connectivity that includes all of the previous mentioned connectors sometimes, and also had specialty connectors like BNC connectors where the Red, Green, Blue, and sync signals were made into separate connectors. There are also BNC video cable configurations that require a fifth sync-on-green cable.

The benefit of purchasing a used professional video monitor CRT for use with retro hardware is that they have very high quality designs that have more lines displayed (crisper image), better colors, or superior display technology to that of consumer television CRTs overall. Additionally, they were often designed to be more easily serviceable and had better shielding against electromagnetic interference. Since around the mid 80's the majority of them seem to have supported native RGB input as well, so the video quality from your output source can be far superior, in theory. PVM's also typically allow for very granular control of the image through many control dials and buttons on the front. Many PVMs also support simultaneous output to mirror the image on one display to another. Finally, a good number of PVMs are also MultiSync, meaning they can support both 15kHz and 31kHz signals, and many of them also are region agnostic supporting 50hz PAL signals and 60hz NTSC signals.

Unfortunately, PVMs are incredibly expensive today, so if you don't already have one, it may be very difficult to get one now. It is not uncommon to see a mere 9" PVM selling for over $200 US Dollars with the 19" to 24" displays going anywhere from $500 to over $2000 US Dollars depending on the model's popularity and features.